Article 2B Essays - Contract Law, Implied Warranty, Software License

Article 2B A new law will probably be introduced into state legislatures which will govern all contracts for the development, sale, licensing, and support of computer software. This law, which has been in development for about ten years, will be an amendment to the Uniform Commercial Code. The amendment is called Article 2B (Law of Licensing) and is loosely based on UCC Article 2 (Law of Sales), which governs sales of goods in all 50 states. A joint committee of the National Conference of Commissioners on Uniform State Laws (NCCUSL) and the American Law Institute is drafting the changes to the UCC. The UCC was drafted in the 1950's and currently governs the sales of goods but not products like software, which are licensed, not sold. Basically, when you purchase software, you are purchasing the information and rights to use the software. Article 2B creates standards for licensing these information products, including rules for interpreting warranties, legal remedies, liability and risk. This project began to give consideration to instituting a separate article of the UCC for software and related contracts. Article 2B is designed to bring uniformity across states and across the goods vs. services issue. It is intended to make software contract laws more consistent and clear among states. If laws are consistent from state to state it makes it easier for buyers and sellers to understand how to do business with each other. There is a great benefit in creating a uniform system for software products and services, however, this proposal for Article 2B does have major flaws. Article 2B employs a contracting model that excludes negotiation and that doesn't reveal terms of the contract to the customer until after the sale is complete. It also adopts a licensing model that says when you buy software, you are really only buying the right to use it. Consumers also have little or no opportunity to read warranties and disclaimers before purchasing the product. The draft of Article 2B eliminates some of the legal protections that software buyers currently take benefit from. For example, it reduces vendor liability for software defects and viruses and allows vendors to charge separately for software licenses, maintenance and support. Critics say that Article 2B is biased in favor of software vendors. While this is the dominant issue for this paper, there are some positive ideas proposed in the amendment. It creates balance and structure, reduces uncertainty and non-uniformity of licensing law, sets performance standards, and innovates the concept of mass-market transactions. The Mass-Market License is a standard-form, non-negotiable, license. Companies use standard-form contracts instead of trying to negotiate a separate contract for each buyer, or licensee. The lengthy legal forms that most don't read when installing software are shrink-wrap licenses. These mass-market licenses restrict rights of users. Licenses involve restrictions on the use of intellectual property. They can have nondisclosure provisions, restrictions on how the product is used and who can use it, and restrictions on transfer of the licensed product. Software companies solely benefit from this where they can not only dictate the terms of the agreement, but they can also avoid consumer defect and privacy protections laws that apply to a sale of goods. An example of a typical shrink-wrap license on-line is as follows: Attention, Please Read: Installing this software constitutes your acceptance of the terms and conditions of the license agreement. Other rules and regulations of installing this software are: 1. The product cannot be rented, loaned or leased. 2. The customer shall not disclose the results of any benchmark test to any third party without Network Associates' prior written approval. 3. The customer will not publish reviews of the product without prior written consent from Network Associates. By loading any software, you may be inadvertently entering into a contract. Software publishers claim that these one-sided contracts are legally binding, but American courts disagree. Article 2B says that the publisher doesn't have to show software customers the terms until after the sale, when it's too late to do comparison shopping. By then, the consumer has already started installing the software. The customer is deemed to have accepted the terms of the contract if he/she uses the product instead of returning it. All of the terms of the agreement are now

Employment Relations HRM in a Workplace

Employment Relations HRM in a Workplace Background Information Ingvar Kamprad founded IKEA in 1943 when he was just 17 years old (Aaker, 1992). During its early days, the company was dealing with fledging company fish and the sale of charismas cards. The founder of the company conducted these small operations at his small farm in a remote village in Sweden. To maintain his customers and earn new ones, Ingvar ensured that he delivered the goods to the homes of his customers. This strategy was successful, and later on developed to be the tradition of IKEA (Bian and Moutinho, 2009).Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Employment Relations HRM in a Workplace specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More In the process of development, IKEA faced a lot of challenges. This included competition from rivals, sourcing for raw materials and manufacturing firms, entry into new markets and maintenance of high quality of its products and selling them at low prices. Through hard work, s trategic planning and determination, the company was able to overcome these difficulties and now it is one of the leading furniture selling companies in the world. At the present moment, the company is operational in over 35 different countries, has over 285 stores and a workforce of 127,800 individuals (Kotler, 1997). The vision of IKEA is to create a better everyday life for many people (McGinnis, 2008). To achieve this vision, the company has developed and applied a number of strategies, goals and objectives. Some of these have had short-term effects while others have had long-term effects. The firm has also a strong corporate structure that has enabled its operations to be smooth. This structure is divided into operations and franchising. Operations mainly deal with the running and management of the stores while franchising deals with marketing and expansion of the firm (Miner, 2007). To ensure that the operations of the company are effective and efficient, the company has maint ained a stable organization structure and culture. The managerial strategy of IKEA is formal, non-hierarchical, and based on a teamwork (Peter et al, 2009). This ensures that all the employees have a duty of care and respect for one another. As a result, employees at IKEA do not have titles or get special privileges. There is also effective communication among the employees. This ensures that the correct information is passed from one employee or department to another. As a result, the efficiency of operations within the organization is maintained (Gofman and Mets, 2010). IKEA also believes in recruiting young employees who are creative and innovative (Egan, 2000).Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More This not only reduces expenditure on salaries but also ensures that the company remains the best in terms of creativity and innovation (Jugger, 2009). The future goal of t he company is to expand its operations into many more countries. It is projected that IKEA will be opening 20-25 stores annually in the near future (Schein, 2005). This will guarantee the sustainability of the company in the long run. Human Resource Management Strategies The vision of IKEA has been to provide a better everyday life to many people. To achieve this goal, IKEA has come up with several strategies aimed at improving the effectiveness and efficiency of its operations. Having an effective human resource has been one of the key goals of the organization. This is due to the fact that an effective human resource will ensure that the workforce of the organization is effective and performs its duties as per the expectation of the company. As a result therefore, the employees are able to meet the goals and objectives that have been set by the company hence they are able to satisfy the needs and desires of the consumers through their services. For the human resource of IKEA to ac hieve this, its goals and objectives have been designed in a way to be in line with the overall goals and objectives of the organization. Offering a strong leadership, embracing teamwork and building a strong organizational culture have been the main goals of the human resource management of IKEA (Nicolini, 2000). These form part of the main goals and objectives that the organization wants to achieve in order to realize its vision. Therefore, IKEA greatly depends on its human resource department to achieve its short-term and long-term goals and objectives (Stone, 2008). Human Resource Objectives and their effectiveness The first objective of the human resource management of IKEA is to develop a strong organizational culture. Organizational structure is a framework that an organization uses to run its operations (Wether and Chandler, 2006). It entails the ways and means through which an organization arranges its authority lines, communication, roles, duties and responsibilities of in dividuals and departments, and how all these components are incorporated into a single unit. To achieve this, the organization has adopted and applied a decentralized leadership model through its human resource department. With this model, the employees at all levels of the organization are involved in the daily running of the firm. They are always asked to offer their opinions and their views are always respected. In addition, they are also involved in the decision making process. This not only motivates them, but it also enables them to work in an effective and efficient manner (Hannagnan, 2007).Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Employment Relations HRM in a Workplace specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The second objective of the human resource department is to develop the spirit of teamwork with all the employees of the organization. An organisation in which the members of staff work together as a team has a higher chance to succeed as compared to that which mainly relies on individual efforts (Thomas, 2002). Through teamwork, these different groups work together to ensure that the goals and objectives which have been set up by the organization are achieved. This gives different teams an opportunity to make decisions concerning their operations increasing their loyalty to the firm and at the same time, it fosters ownership. IKEA is made of a network of teams that work together to ensure that the entire consumer needs are met. These teams work hand in hand with each other. The individuals who are in these teams are skilled in their respective fields of expertise. The company also allows for the rotation of individuals from one department to the other, thus workers develop even new skills while they work at the firm (Belbin, 2010). Information Technology is widely used in the operations of the company and has especially improved the communications between various departments in the organization . The company through its policy allows its workers to further their education and skills to improve the excellence of their work. The company is normally involved in a serious of projects in their stores that are located in most parts of the world. A specific team conducts each project. On its completion, the team is disbanded and rearranged in preparation of a new project. IKEA therefore encourages teams and team working, a factor that has been contributing greatly to the success of the company over the years (Das and Teng, 2009). The third objective of the human resource department of IKEA is to develop a strong organizational culture. Organization culture is the attitude, beliefs, psychology and behaviour that an organization believes is best suited to follow to accomplish its goals (Schein, 2005). It is through this culture that IKEA has developed the means through which it deals with its members of the staff, stakeholders and other interested parties in general (Black, 2003). Through its organization culture, IKEA is able to differentiate itself from other organizations that deal with furniture manufacture and retail. The organization seeks to satisfy the needs of its customers first. There is also trust and respect from the employees to its customers, stakeholders and other individuals who visit its stores. The employees also have trust and respect to each other. This ensures that they more effectively and efficiently hence they are able to meet their personal as well as the organizational goals and objectives (Mullins, 2010).Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Issues in Employment Relations and HRM in the Company Over the years, IKEA has had a strong human resource department. It is through this department that the organization has been able to meet most of its short-term and long-term goals and objectives. However, there has always been a constant issue between the department and the employees. For several years now, most of the employees have felt that the department needs to modify the manner it recruits, promotes and pay its employees (Gitman, 2008). It has been the tradition of the organization to recruit and train employees from the system rather than employing qualified personnel. Although the HR department views this as a strategy to reduce operating costs, other employees view this move as degenerating since not all the employees are competent enough to hold the position that they are trained for. In addition, this system does not create room for competition among employees that not only improves the operations of the organizatio n, but increases the skills and knowledge of the employees themselves. In addition, employees have always complained on the low payment rates that they received. It has been the tradition of IKEA to keep employees who have passion to work for the organization rather than making a lot of money. In the process, IKEA has lost some of its best employees to rival companies who have offered them better payment packages (Fontaine, 2007). Areas of Improvement With regards to the above problems, the HR department of IKEA needs to improve the manner in which it recruits and trains its staff. For the organization to continue to be effective and efficient, the HR department needs to recruit qualified personnel and, at the same time, maintain internal recruitment and training. This will ensure that the employees of the organization have the vigour and intensity that is required to keep up with the competition from rival companies. The HR department also needs to improve the methods with which it motivates its employees. At the present moment, the main method that the department uses to motivate its employees is through the provision of a conducive working environment. To improve on this, the department may increase the payment for its employees, offer job promotions, bonuses and rewards to hard working employees. This will make them work even harder. This strategy will also ensure that there is minimal staff turnover as a result of employees being stolen by other rival companies. Conclusion IKEA is the worlds leading retailer of household furniture and fittings. Through its effective strategies and management, the company has been successful for over 8 decades now. Despite this, IKEA has faced a lot of challenges especially in its HR department. To curb this problem, IKEA needs to modify the strategies that it has been employing in its HR department in order to meet the new market challenges and demands. This will ensure that the company’s profitability and sustaina bility are maintained in the long run. References Aaker, D.A., 2002. The Value of Brand Equity. Journal of Business Strategy, 13 (4), 27-32. Bian, X. and Moutinho, L., 2009. The Role of Brand Image, Product Involvement, and Knowledge in Explaining Consumer Purchase Behavior of Counterfeits Direct and Indirect Effects. European Journal of Marketing, 45 (1), pp. 191-216 Belbin, R.M., 2010. Management Teams: Why They Succeed or Fail. London: Elsevier Black, R. 2003. Organizational Culture: Creating the Influence Needed for  Strategic Success. London: Penguin Books Das, T.K. and Teng B.S., 2009. Cognitive Biases and Strategic Decision Processes.  Journal of Management Studies, 36 (6), pp. 757-778. Egan, J., 2000. Relationship Marketing. Harlow: Financial Times Prentice Hall. Fontaine, C., 2007. Human Resource Management Base. Chicago: North Eastern University. Gitman, L., 2008. The Future of Business: The Essentials. Dallas: Cengage Learning. Gofman, A. and Mets, T., 2010. Consume r Behavior. Journal of Consumer  Marketing, 27 (2), pp. 157–168. Hannagnan, T., 2007. Management: Concepts and Practices. New York: Prentice Hall. Jugger, S., 2009. The Power of Consumers. Admap Magazine, 14 (2), pp. 51-55. Kotler, P., 1997. Marketing Management. Englewood Cliffs: Prentice Hall. McGinnis, S., 2008. Organization Behavior and Management Thinking, in Key Topics in Organizational Behavior. New Jersey: Jones and Bartlett Publishers. Miner, J. 2007. Organization Behavior: From Theory to Practice. Kinston: M.E Sharpe Mullins, L.J., 2010. Management Organizational Behavior. London: Prentice Hall. Nicolini, D., 2000. Organizational Learning. Journal of Management Studies, 37 (6), pp. 783-795. Peter. J.P., Olsen. J.C. and Grunet. K.G., 2009. Consumer Behavior and Marketing  Strategy. Chicago: McGraw-Hill international. Schein, E.H., 2005. Organization Culture and Leadership. New York: Jossey-Bass. Stone, R.J., 2008. Human Resource Management. New York: John Wiley Sons. Thomas, G., 2002. Effective Classroom Teamwork: Support Or Intrusion? London: Routledge. Wether, W and Chandler, D., 2006. Strategic Corporate Social Responsibility:  Stakeholders in a Global Environment. Miami: Sage.

Is MacIntyre's Critique of Modern Ethics Convincing Essay

Is MacIntyre's Critique of Modern Ethics Convincing - Essay Example It continues to point out to the inconsistencies and the groundless nature of major assumptions made in his philosophies. His argument of superiority of certain traditions is also criticized as well as other inconsistencies in his criteria. In After Virtue, when he says â€Å"one has to find its moral identity in and through its membership in communities,†1 he rejects the concept of individuality in moral issues. Lastly, this paper explores Hegel’s speculative logic of metaphysics as a contrary philosophy to Macintyre’s. MacIntyres Critique of Modern Ethics is not convincing. His claims that the ethical theory and practice are incomprehensible is groundless. The recipients of his criticism are the emotive who believe in the doctrine of emotivism. For them, the value upheld and the metaphysical aspects of people are attributes that are derived from own personal preference as opposed to adherence to objective validity. In this case, considering something to be good is not a root of making a rational moral decision, instead that is only based on personal preference. As such, MacIntyres critique is based on three major pillars as proposed by Aristotle (Brodie 1991). The first pillar considers the moral agent in the amateur person, the second one is the moral agent when one already has comprehension of is telos, and lastly, moral considerations that enhance facilitation between stages (MacIntyre 1999). Modernity fails to uphold the second pillar as the normative concept of telos cannot be used as a deter minant of good of bad behavior in the society. In this case, the good traits of an individual has to be eliminated, even if it is highly beneficial to the members of the society. This has to happen so that one can adopt new and alternative forms of norms other than the original one. It is only after such a disconnection that one can say that something about that traditional or society is good or one can qualify to understand the

Pre-Hospital Fluid Replacement Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Pre-Hospital Fluid Replacement - Essay Example Although road accidents form a major part of the accident pie chart, there are still other zones apart from roads where people are accident prone. Workers in factories, fire fighters, miners and virtually all blue collared working force in UK are under constant threat of accidents. Most of the deaths that result due to accidents have been identified to be due to excessive blood loss, a term, in medical terminology known as hemorrhage. Mainly two types of injuries are identified. In 'Penetrating Injuries', the skin is breached by sharp objects such as a knife and leads to potential internal bleeding. In 'Blunt Injuries', the skin is not deeply penetrated and generally remains unbroken. However the magnitude of the injury damages the internal organs. The bleeding that is caused by these injuries must be controlled. If the bleeding exceeds the normal bounds, it leads to the reduction in blood volume, technically known as 'hypovolaemia'. This may even lead to 'shock' which is a state of circulatory failure. In such a state the perfusion of necessary fluids and blood to vital internal organs is hampered. This consequently leads to multiple organ failure. Generally the first crew to reach the scene of accident is the ambulance crew. Apart from the driver and attendant in most ambulances also have a paramedic. According to the JRCALC guidelines for pre hospital fluid replacement, only a paramedic can administer fluids on the site to the injured. In an email communication with the authors of 'Clinical Effectiveness and Cost Effectiveness of pre hospital intravenous fluids in trauma patients', trauma.org told that, "All patients would be considered for fluids. (Perhaps not all should receive but currently in the UK almost all will) [The] approximate percentage of trauma patients who receive fluids [is] currently 100%" (Dretzke et al, 2003). Administration of intravenous fluids on - site is a traditional approach to handle injuries. This method was supported by early animal studies. The theory behind fluid replacement methodology is that, fluid replacement therapy attempts to reverse the effects of excessive blood loss by increasing circulatory blood volume and blood pressure back to the normal levels and maintains the perfusion of vital organs thereby reducing the risk of death from multiple organ failure (NICE, 01/04). Methodology and Technology The physiological state of the victim of injury is analyzed by the paramedic to identify which pre - hospital fluids are needed. Certain factors are analyzed such as degree of blood loss and whether the hemorrhage is controlled or uncontrolled. The Technology Appraisal of NHS identifies the other indicators of hemorrhage in adults as tachycardia, peripheral vasoconstriction and reduced blood pressure (NHS, 01/04). The shock levels are categorized according to the severity. Intravenous fluids are considered on similar lines as medicines, and are broadly classified as crystalloids, colloids, or combination fluids. Combination fluids consist of hypertonic saline with starch or dextran. According to the JRCALC regulations only paramedics may administer crystalloid and colloid solutions. Crystalloids pass through cell membranes into different body fluid compartments, thereby making up for the fluids lost due to

Media Programming Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Media Programming - Essay Example Television and films may also ruin the eyesight of people. The television projects contrast and brightness that could cause a reaction against people’s eyes. This makes the eyesight weaker. Also, this causes soreness in the eyes, and inn extreme cases, it may result to complete visual impairment in individuals. Movies encourage violence in the society. There is no doubt that there is a high production of violent movies now than ever before. This influences people in a big way by encouraging shootings, fights and disrespect in teenagers. These movies may also encourage indulgence in cults. A report from http://www.cybercollege.com/violence.html indicates that children who watch violent movies may end up getting convicted of a crime. Media programs also encourage a Larger than Life Character among children and teenagers. Media programs may air movies with skilled fighters, acrobatics and human beings with superhuman powers. This may cause children to try dangerous things in order to have the superhuman characters. For example, after watching Spiderman, children may subject themselves to spider bites. Media programs may also act as a means to propaganda. The main goal of film makers is to increase profits. Therefore, they may use controversial topics such as legalization of drugs, racism or human sexuality. The use of propaganda helps the filmmakers reach more people. However, it may raise agitations, protests and uproar among people. Media programs have many advantages and impacts in people’s lives.

Impact of Policy on Same-Sex Couples

Impact of Policy on Same-Sex Couples Same-Sex Marriages Executive Summary The public policy explored in this analysis will include section one from the family code titles, marriage relationship. This issue is more prevalent than most would imagine. In 1990 the American bureau of census reported 145,130 same-gender unmarried couples living together. That number is reported to have increased to 594,691 by the year 2000 (Pawelski et al., 2006). According to President Bush, it is up to the individual state to determine any â€Å"legal arrangements other than marriage†. This leaves the definition of marriage up to the individual governments. It is essential to define the different unions as well as have a strong understanding of the implications of each within the state of Texas. According to Bogenschnider, Theory of Paradox consists of three camps that view issues from different angles. The concerned camp tends to be more conservative with their views on the family. It also strives to protect the traditional family values. The sanguine camp is more concerned with the welfare of the children, as well as the individual rights of people of all sexual orientations. The impatient camp seeks progress and respects all members of the community regardless of the concern for the traditional family values. The concerned camp views same-sex marriage as an insult to the historical family unit and the foundations from which the family system was derived. This group is concerned with the research indicating that many stressors responsible for creating significant amount of anxiety and distress for those in the homosexual relationships. This camp is also concerned that regardless of their lifestyle homosexual individuals are still required to â€Å"conform† to traditional heterosexual family styles in order to adopt, regardless of the findings. (I don’t understand this sentence, regardless of what findings?) The teenagers facing their homosexual lifestyle were also found to be more at risk for negative behaviors, including substance abuse and suicide. The concerned camp desires to see the traditional family unit remain intact for the welfare of all individuals, especially the children. The sanguine camp views recent family changes positively as indicators of the capacity of families to adapt to new environments rather than symptoms of decline. The sanguine camp considers the positive results of these family changes for individuals, especially women. The sanguine camp contends that children have the capacity to overcome the emotional upheaval and long term consequences of divorce. They tend to focus on people who have thrived in the midst of family change. The sanguine camp regards marriage, commitment and nurturance as unchanging core American values no matter what. Contenders of this view declare that the dramatic changes in the last quarter century were not about family value but about norms and standards regarding appropriate or inappropriate behavior. For example, cohabitation before marriage became common and one of four children born outside of marriage but majority still want to be married. Regarding policy-making, the greatest concern for the sanguine camp is individual freedom. They want to keep the American core values and establish the institutional supports to help families during rapid changes. The impatient camp acknowledges the change and growth in the diversity of alternative families and their structure. Qualitative research is respected and much of the evidence regarding childrens behavioral and cognitive outcomes incorporates teacher responses along with parent responses. The research supports the changes towards same-sex marriage and welcomes significant positive research findings that support their cause. This camp suggests that families do face challenges, but ultimately have numerous opportunities to demonstrate their resilience though this alternative lifestyle. The recognition of same-sex marriages would alleviate significant amount of stress from those families who are a part of a homosexual partnership. The recognition of this partnership would allow for society to also recognize the partnership leading to a more accepted perspective. The children in these families, as demonstrated by the research results, remain near the average mark in development. However, they continue to have difficulty comprehending and accepting the lifestyle affecting their emotional and social developments. State of Texas can alleviate this stress for these individuals by recognizing these same-sex marriages and providing the same right to homosexual couples that it safeguards for heterosexual individuals. Providing this recognition will allow for all families in the state of Texas to have the same resources, rights, and privileges creating a stronger, more united state, community, and families. Public Policy Project: Same-sex Marriages The public policy explored in this analysis will include section one from the family code titles, marriage relationship. This issue is more prevalent than most would imagine. In 1990 the American bureau of census reported 145,130 same-gender unmarried couples living together . That number is reported to have increased to 594,691 by the year 2000 (Pawelski et al., 2006). According to President Bush, it is up to the individual state to determine any â€Å"legal arrangements other than marriage†. This leaves the definition of marriage up to the individual governments. It is essential to define the different unions as well as have a strong understanding of the implications of each within the state of Texas (question 1). A civil union is a legal mechanism, sanctioned by civil authority, intended to grant same-sex couples legal status somewhat similar to civil marriage. In the United States, civil unions have been established only in Vermont, Massachusetts, and Connecticut. In theses tates, same-sex couples are granted the same state-level rights, benefits, and protections as those granted to heterosexual married couples. No other states recognize civil unions. As such, same-sex couples considered to be legally united in either of those states are treated as single individuals when they cross into other states. A domestic partnership is a relationship between two individuals, often but not necessarily of the same gender, who live together and mutually support one another as spouses but who are not legally joined in a civil marriage or a civil union. Some same-sex couples enter into domestic partnership agreements to create legally enforceable contracts involving property, finances, inheritance, and/or health care. Domestic partnerships do not reach the same legal threshold as civil unions or civil marriages and, accordingly, do not afford couples the rights, benefits,and protections of civil marriage (Pawelski et al., 2006). The definitions are helpful but in the state of Texas any same-sex unions/marriages are banned. Protecting the sanctity of life and marriage at the 79th Texas state Congress 2005, Texans voted on a constitutional amendment defining marriage in fall of 2005. SJR 6 defines marriage as between one man and one woman. Texas voters adopted this amendment on November 8, 2005. Texas now joins 14 states that statutorily and constitutionally ban same-sex marriage. Significant research has been conducted on this topic from many perspectives. It is essential to understand the effect of same-sex relationships on the family system and the individuals within that system. It is very difficult for those in a same-sex relationship to cope with the stigma that society has placed on these relationships. Same-sex relationships have many of the same characteristics that heterosexual relationships possess. According to the research of Todosijevic, Rothblum, Solomon (2005) there are many factors contributing to the success of the same-sex relationship. Given the mixed results on demographic similarity and relationship satisfaction among same-sex couples, it is possible that couple similarity in level of outness may be more important for relationship satisfaction than couple similarity on demographic variables. For example, similarity on actual age (a demographic variable) may be less important than developmental stage in the coming out process (including level of disclosure to others). Couples who are discrepant on outness may have conflict around such issues as where to live (e.g., in an obvious gay neighborhood), whether to bring a partner to work-related social events, and how to introduce their partner to family members. Beals and Peplau (2001) found that discrepancy in openness among partners was not predictive of relationship satisfaction. In another study on this topic, Jordan and Deluty (2000) investigated the correlation between openness and relationship quality in 305 lesbians in committed relationships. Their results indicated that the degree of openness regarding sexual orientation was positively correlated with relationship satisfaction. They also concluded that discrepancy in openness in disclosure between partners was negatively correlated with relationship satisfaction. In addition, Jordan and Deluty (2000) discovered that negative affectivity (e.g., depression, anxiety, fear, anger, guilt, sadness, neuroticism) was not significantly correlated to relationship satisfaction. While, in a 45-year-long study of marital stability and marital satisfaction in 300 heterosexual couples, Kelly and Conely (1987) found that negative affectivity in both genders was negatively related to relationship satisfaction. This demonstrates the significance of same-sex relationships and how they appear much healthier than those of heterosexual partners. It is important that same-sex couples experience satisfaction in their relationships, but also find acceptance within the homosexual community. They experience a significant amount of distress from outside of the homosexual community. As a result they rely heavily on their peers to provide support. The gay lifestyle is a stressful lifestyle. In a study by Todosijevic, Rothblum, and Solomon (2005), gay couples reported experiencing a significant level of anxiety regarding contraction of HIV/AIDS. Further, gay and lesbian couples indicated facing stress from their families due to disapproval of the lifestyle such as â€Å"rejection, lack of support, and lack of understanding by the family due to their sexuality† (p. 165.) In their study of two hundred adolescents and early adult lesbians, Cantor and Neulinger (2000) reported that 47.5% of the interviewees disclosed having made some attempts at suicide at some point in their life. Thirty one percent of these lesbian adolescents and young adults who reported suicide attempts contributed it, at least partially, to their sexual orientation. Furthermore, in high school age males, 36% of the homosexual students surveyed reported having made a suicide attempt at some point in their life compared to 8.9% of their heterosexual counterparts (where is this information coming from?). Data such as this indicates the moral dilemma for the homosexual community, which creates unnecessary stress for homosexual individuals and their families. There are many milestones in life that homosexual individuals have a more difficult time achieving. Society paints a particular picture within which individuals are anticipated to fit snugly. Society expects homosexuals to conform to the norms that it has diligently created over the course of the history. A study was done recently that examined how the courts evaluate same-sex couples when they are attempting to adopt children (Connolly, 1998). The researchers found that the courts expect same-sex couples to conform as best possible to the traditional model of families. Since these couples are not allowed to marry, they are expected to demonstrate their commitment to each other in ways that heterosexual couples do not have to exhibit. Homosexual couples must realize that their demonstration of commitment must be more pronounced than heterosexual couples. They must also work to overcome their persuasion into the model in which the rest of society fits. As more and more same-sex couples are adopting or having children through artificial insemination, concerns regarding the integrity of family structure and developmental outcomes of children in these alternative families are brought to discussion. Golombok, et al. (2003) examined the quality of parent-child relationships, socioemotional and gender development in a community sample of lesbian parents with seven-year olds, and had a control group of heterosexual two-parent families. Demographics of both the lesbian and heterosexual families were similar. There were no statistically significant differences in mother-child relationships with regard to warmth toward child or emotional involvement. Family structure, not mothers sexual orientation, showed significant effects for overall parenting quality and enjoyment of motherhood. There were also no statistically significant differences in the frequency of conflicts with the child. Family structure, with single mothers, having more severe disputes (It seems like this sentence is missing something). Lesbian mothers also reported smacking their children less than heterosexual mothers. Lesbian mothers also engaged in more imaginative play with their children than heterosexual mothers, as single mothers did more often than heterosexual mothers. Fathers showed statistically significant higher levels of emotional involvement and frequency of smacking with their children than co-mothers. Socioemotional development showed no statistically significant difference in conduct problems, hyperactivity, emotional symptoms or positive social behavior as reported by mothers and teachers. The study also showed no differences in children’s behavior according to gender when comparing boys and girls in both heterosexual and lesbian families (Golombok, et al., 2003). Flaks, Ficher, Masterpasqua, Josephs (1995) compared lesbian couples with heterosexual parents and their children, ages three to nine. Their study found that sexual orientation of custodial parents is not a significant variable in successful development of the child and that there were no differences in children coming from divorced heterosexual or same-sex parent families. The purpose of their study was to address concerns of the courts when involved in custody cases. They showed no significant differences with parents sexual orientation or gender of child in outcomes of cognitive development or behavioral adjustment. The study did find that lesbian parents had more parenting awareness skills than heterosexual parents; this was statistically significant. This finding, with further statistical analysis, was shown to be related to gender, with mothers having better parenting skills than fathers. Wainright, Russell, Patterson (2004) examined family type heterosexual parents and same-sex parents, and outcomes in school, psychological adjustment and romantic relationships. Romantic relationships and sexual behavior was not associated with family type. The quality of the parent-child relationship determined better school adjustment. Anderssen, Amlie, Ytteroy (2002) reviewed twenty-three evidenced-based research studies from 1978 to 2000, assessing outcomes for children with lesbian or gay parents. Historically, the Scandanavian courts have not ruled against custody related to sexual orientation of the parent. However, evidenced based research regarding outcomes of children of same-sex parents is needed, since legal rights to adopt or become foster parents is not afforded to same-sex couples as they are to heterosexual couple. Emotional functioning was the outcome most often studied, followed by sexual preference, stigmatization, gender role behavior, behavioral adjustment, gender identity and cognitive functioning. No differences in emotional functioning were shown between same-sex (lesbian) parents and heterosexual parents. There were no differences in sexual preferences in offspring with parental sexual preference. Due to expressed negative attitudes which was received from outsiders, children of same-sex parents experienced stigmatization and teasing. The studies showed that few youngsters were teased no more than other children, and they developed stable relationships with peers as children of heterosexual parents (who said this?). There were no differences in gender role behavior, behavioral adjustment, and cognitive functioning. This significant research shows that the homosexual community faces difficult boundaries, restrictions, and stereotypes, but this community still manages to maintain relationships, raise their children, and live out daily life with less negative outcomes than heterosexual individuals. This leads into the Theory of Paradox with three stances on the subject of same-sex marriages showing negative and positive conclusions (question 6). Striving to protect the traditional family values, the concerned camp tends to be more conservative with their views on the family. The sanguine camp is more concerned with the welfare of the children, as well as the individual rights of people of all sexual orientations. The impatient camp seeks progress and respects all members of the community regardless of the concern for traditional family values. The concerned camp views same-sex marriage as an insult to the historical family unit and the foundations from which the family system was derived. The research indicates many stressors that are responsible for creating significant amount of anxiety, distress, and other negative reactions for those in the homosexual community. The research indicated that regardless of the homosexual lifestyle these individuals are still required to â€Å"conform† to traditional heterosexual family styles in order to adopt, regardless of the findings (This sentence is not clear. Regardless of what findings? Are there findings contrary to the outcome of court decisions on qualification of homosexual parents to adopt?). The teenagers living a homosexual lifestyle were also found to be more at risk for negative behaviors, including suicide. The concerned camp desires to see the traditional family unit remain intact for the welfare of all individuals, especially the children. The sanguine camp views recent family changes positively as indicators of the capacity of families to adapt to new environments rather than symptoms of decline. The sanguine camp concerns the positive results of these family changes for individuals, especially women. The sanguine argue that children have the capacity to overcome the emotional upheaval and long term consequences of divorce. The contenders of this view tend to focus on people who have thrived in the midst of family change. The sanguine camp believes marriage, commitment and nurturance to be unchanging core American values no matter what. According to the sanguine, the dramatic change in the last quarter century was not about family value but about norms and standards regarding appropriate or inappropriate behavior. For example, cohabitation before marriage has become common and one of four children is born outside of marriage but majority still want to be married. Regarding policy-making, the greatest concern for the sanguine camp is individual freedom. They want to keep the American core values and establish the institutional supports to help families through rapid changes. The impatient camp acknowledges the change and growth in the diversity of alternative families and their structure. Qualitative research is respected and much of the evidence regarding childrens behavioral and cognitive outcomes incorporates teacher responses along with parent responses. The research supports changes towards same-sex marriage and welcomes significant positive research findings to support their cause. This camp finds that families do face challenges, but ultimately have numerous opportunities to demonstrate their resilience through this alternative lifestyle (question 7). The families affected most by the failure to recognize same-sex marriages are those homosexual couples who have children. The family members of homosexual couples are also affected by the stereotypes that are involved with the homosexual lifestyle. Principle one addresses the question of if policies or programs set unrealistic expectations for families assuming financial and caregiving responsibilities of dependent, seriously ill or child with special needs. Principle two addresses family stability and explains that policies and programs should help maintain the stability of couples relationships, especially when children are involved (Bogenschneider, 2002). When looking at the Defense of Marriage Act (DOMA) from the perspective of a homosexual family, it does allow for incentives to marry in the state that recognizes homosexual marriages. With the current statue of DOMA, children may not have continued financial support from one of the parents if the homosexual parents separate (NCRF, 2004). Massachusetts legalization of same-sex marriage allows for the children of these families to have some financial security if their parents should divorce or if one of the parents were to die. The issue with the DOMA policy is that it does not allow for financial protection to non-biological children of same-sex relationships (Coolidge Duncan, 2001). Carlson (2004) found that DOMA actually protects the sanctity of heterosexual marriages by not allowing homosexuals to marry legally. The justification here is that homosexual relationships are sterile and that the children from these relationships will not have any kinship to, at a minimum, one of the parents and it could possibly be both of the parents. Carlson (2004) also found that marriage is an evolution in itself (questions 2-3). Question 4: Examine the Implementation of the Policy and Statute (p. 307) – how has the Department implemented this policy? How has subsequent legislation (if any) revised this policy? Note: This flows right into question 5 below. Question 5: Go to page 306 and answer question #1 (Family Impact Questions): Reviewing rules, legislation, and laws to point out how legislation does or does not address families’ needs. The goal of the previous research and the comprehension of the policy is to allow the policy holders to see the detrimental results that have occurred as a result of the failure to recognize same-sex marriages. Homosexual families are suffering as a result of the failure to acknowledge the relationships that are closest to them. Children, according to the research, are well adjusted and develop normally but they are not able to develop socially because of the limitations that are placed on them from being a part of a homosexual family system.. They encounter numerous roadblocks and challenges as a result. The systems that surround them are also aversely affected creating much distress for all individuals that come in contact with each member of the family. The homosexual partners also experience significant distress as a result of the failure of the state of Texas to recognize any union between two individuals of the same sex. These individuals fight uphill battles daily with the simplest household activities, such as medical care/insurance, monetary matters, and significant custody concerns if children are involved. The recognition of same-sex marriages would allow these homosexual families to experience more acceptance and give them the opportunity to continue with normal, daily activities without hindrance (question 8). The recognition of same-sex marriages would alleviate significant amounts of stress from those families who are a part of a homosexual partnership. The recognition of this partnership would allow for society to also recognize the partnership leading to a more accepted perspective. The children in these families, as demonstrated in the research results, remain near the average mark in development, but continue to have difficulty comprehending and accepting the lifestyle affecting their emotional and social developments. Texas can alleviate this stress for these individuals by recognizing these same-sex marriages and providing the same right to homosexual couples that is provided to heterosexual individuals. Providing this recognition will allow for all families in the state of Texas to have the same resources, rights, and privileges creating a stronger, more united state, community, and families. References Anderssen, N., Amlie, C., Ytteroy, E. (2002). Outcomes for children with lesbian or  gay parents. A review of studies from 1978-2000. Scandinavian Journal of Psychology, 43, 335-351. Bogenschneider, K. (2002). Family policy matters. Lawrence Erlbaum Associates:NJ. p.94-97. Brewer, P., Wilcox, C. (2005). The Polls—trends: Same-sex marriage and civil  unions. Public Opinion Quarterly, (69) 4, 599-616. Cantor, C., Neulinger, K. (2000). The epidemiology of suicide and attempted suicide among young Australians. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry, 34(3), 370-387. Connolly, C. (1998). The description of gay and lesbian families in second-parent adoption. Behavioral Sciences the Law: Special issue: Families and Courts, 16(2), 225-236. Flaks, D., Ficher, I., Masterpasqua, F., Joseph, G. (1995). Lesbians choosing  motherhood: A comparative study of lesbian and heterosexual parents and their children. Developmental Psychology, 31, 105-114. Golombok, S., Perry, B., Burston, A., Murray, C., Mooney-Somers, J., Stevens, M., et al. (2003). Children with lesbian parents: A community study. Developmental Psychology, 39, 20-33. Jordan, K., Deluty, R. (2000). Social support, coming out, and relationship  satisfaction in lesbian couples. Journal of Lesbian Studies, 4, 145–164. Kelly, E., Conely, J. (1987). Personality and compatibility: A prospective analysis of  marital stability and marital satisfaction. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 58, 27–40. Lewis, R., Derlega, V., Berndt, A., Morris, L., Rose, S. (2001).An empirical analysis of  stressors for gay men and lesbians. Journal of Homosexuality, 42, 63–88. Meyer, I. (2003). Prejudice, social stress, and mental health in lesbian, gay, and  bisexual populations: Conceptual issues and research evidence. Psychological Bulletin, 129, 674– 697. Pawelski, J., Perrin, E., Foy, J., Allen, C., Crawford, J., Del Monte, M., Kaufman, M., Klein, J., Smith, K., Springer, S., Tanner, J., Vickers, D., (2006). The Effects of marriage, civil union, and domestic partnership laws on the health and well-being of children. Pediatrics, (118)1, 349-364. Pope, S. (2004). The magisteriums arguments against same-sex marriage: An  ethical analysis and critique. Theological Studies , 65(3), 530-555. Todosijevic, J., Rothblum, E., Solomon, S. (2005). Relationship satisfaction,  affectivity, and gay-specific stressors in same-sex couples joined in civil unions. Psychology of Women Quarterly, 29, 158–166.

Cookies and Internet Privacy :: Internet Private Cookies Essays

Cookies and Internet Privacy What is a Cookie? â€Å"Netscape's Client Side State definition:Cookies are a general mechanism which server side connections (such as CGI scripts) can use to both store and retrieve information on the client side of the connection. The addition of a simple, persistent, client-side state significantly extends the capabilities of Web-based client/server applications.†Kington, Andy, Andy’s HTTP Cookie Notes, Available from http://www.illuminatus.com/cookie_pages/ [modified 6 June 1997, cited 14 March, 1999] In English, this means that webservers can create web pages that will customize from user to user. By saving these preferences on your computer, the web page can reload appearing to your chosen options. This is accomplished by retrieving the cookie, through your browser, when you access the web page. Where cookies and privacy clash The problem with privacy begins with the cookie revealing personal information that you do not wish to be available. â€Å"Your browser is probably revealing more than you might want: which computer you are coming from, what software and hardware you are using, details of the link you clicked on, and possibly even your email address.† Junkbusters, How Web Servers' Cookies Threaten Your Privacy, [Online], Available from http://www.junkbusters.com/ht/en/cookies.html, [written 11 December, 1998, cited 14 March, 1999] By receiving this information, the webservers could sell it as part of an advertising database resulting in both electronic and paper junk mail. Legislative action has been enacted to curtail the illegal use of personal information. "The WWW offers a wide variety of communication, information and interaction. Cookies provide for necessary customization. But the Internet is not outside the law. Existing regulations, targeted at protecting personal information, limit the use and application of cookies. Current cookie usage violates such norms. Content providers continuing to use cookies that violate these regulations and browser producers unwilling or incapable of bringing their products into accordance with these laws both risk legal liability. It should be their concern to avoid legal action; and it should be our concern to safeguard our privacy." Mayer-Schoenberger, Viktor, "The Internet and Privacy Legislation: Cookies for a Treat? ", West Virginia Journal of Law and Technology, [journal online], Available from http://www.wvjolt.wvu.edu/wvjolt/current/issue1/articles/mayer/mayer.htm, [cited 14 March, 1999] Another possibility of potential privacy violition is cookies retreiving information from other locations on your hard drive. â€Å"The safety of personal information stored on the user's hard drive has also been of concern in the cookie debate.

Heterosexual Marriage Essay

In our time we can see different sex marriages: homosexual and heterosexual, but which one is better for us. None of us would be in the world if we didn’t have a mother and father. God created a man and a woman as the top of his creativity. As they say a woman completes a man and a man completes a woman. This is openness to a new life, which implies a necessity of heterosexual union. In my opinion, the word marriage should only apply to a union between a man and a woman because this marriage is legal everywhere, they have the human procreation, and better raise them children. First of all, I think that union between man and woman is legal everywhere because it is not just in the government law and in religion too. In the world this marriage is legal in all countries, and acceptable in all religious movements. The state recognizes this relationship as a public institution in its laws because the relationship makes a unique and essential contribution to the common good. In some countries they do not recognize gay-marriage, just the union between female and male. For example, in Bible God said:† It is not good for man to be alone†, a man leaving his parents and being jointed to his wife. The Bible clearly identifies marriage as being between a man and a woman. The second thought is heterosexual marriage having the human procreation. The purpose of marriage is to procreation children, so same sex marriage comes down to the biology of the sex organs. For example, a man and woman can have a child, but a woman and a woman, or a man and a man cannot. Therefore, same-sex couples cannot procreate a new life; they cannot realize this basic function of marriage. The heterosexual have every opportunity to continue to race, and also a healthy way that is not bad for the child. The last important thought, that a union between a man and a woman can better raise a child. The marital union also, provides the best conditions for raising children: namely, the stable, loving relationship of a mother and a father present only in marriage. They will not confuse the child who he or she is. For example, father is always your child’s teacher; a mother also, gives more affection and love. If we combine these two thoughts together, the children will growth completely. So, I think that the kids need both parents: a father and a mother to grow in good family. I can say that the word marriage should only apply to a union between a man and a woman because this marriage is legal everywhere, they have the human procreation, and better raise them children. This marriage is the lifetime union of a man and a woman, primarily for the purpose of build a family and provide a stable environment for that family. This is assurances of the descendant’s family, duration of their family, and savings family’s tradition. This type of marriage suitable to the human more than any others, this gives more conditions continuation of human race, and can stay legal everywhere.

Free Essays on Emonite Domain

The fifth amendment of the United States Constitution; No person shall be held to answer for a capital, or otherwise infamous crime, unless on a presentment or indictment of a Grand Jury, except in cases arising in the land or naval forces, or in the Militia, when in actual service in time of War or public danger; nor shall any person be subjected for the same offence to be twice put in jeopardy of life or limb, nor be deprived of life, liberty, or property, without due process of law; nor shall private property be taken for public use without just compensation. Most people know the Fifth Amendment as not having to incriminate yourself. I am going to talk about the latter part, eminent domain. Eminent domain allows the government to condemn private property for public benefit, such as road construction or hospitals. Property owners must receive at least fair market value for their property. What this does is, if the government needs to build a highway and your house is in the way and you refuse to sell it, a court can condemn your property and force you to sell it anyway because it is in the best interest of the public. Unfortunately, conglomerate corporations like Wal-Mart are abusing this amendment. Eminent domain is a term in law used to describe the power of the state to appropriate private property for public use. In a broad sense, it is the concept of the right which the state has to perform such activities as taxation, expropriation and condemnation. The Fifth Amendment states that "no property shall be taken for public use..." That's when the loop hole comes in... "Without just compensation." So basically the government can condemn your property if they feel the price is right. Did the framers of our constitution want it to be interpreted this way? That if Wal-Mart or Home Depot wants your property the city council can force you to sell your land for the benefit of these conglomerate companies? Maybe the founders of our... Free Essays on Emonite Domain Free Essays on Emonite Domain The fifth amendment of the United States Constitution; No person shall be held to answer for a capital, or otherwise infamous crime, unless on a presentment or indictment of a Grand Jury, except in cases arising in the land or naval forces, or in the Militia, when in actual service in time of War or public danger; nor shall any person be subjected for the same offence to be twice put in jeopardy of life or limb, nor be deprived of life, liberty, or property, without due process of law; nor shall private property be taken for public use without just compensation. Most people know the Fifth Amendment as not having to incriminate yourself. I am going to talk about the latter part, eminent domain. Eminent domain allows the government to condemn private property for public benefit, such as road construction or hospitals. Property owners must receive at least fair market value for their property. What this does is, if the government needs to build a highway and your house is in the way and you refuse to sell it, a court can condemn your property and force you to sell it anyway because it is in the best interest of the public. Unfortunately, conglomerate corporations like Wal-Mart are abusing this amendment. Eminent domain is a term in law used to describe the power of the state to appropriate private property for public use. In a broad sense, it is the concept of the right which the state has to perform such activities as taxation, expropriation and condemnation. The Fifth Amendment states that "no property shall be taken for public use..." That's when the loop hole comes in... "Without just compensation." So basically the government can condemn your property if they feel the price is right. Did the framers of our constitution want it to be interpreted this way? That if Wal-Mart or Home Depot wants your property the city council can force you to sell your land for the benefit of these conglomerate companies? Maybe the founders of our...

George, Duke of Saxony essays

George, Duke of Saxony essays George, Duke of Saxony was one of Martin Luther's greatest opponents. He was the son of Duke Albrect and the Bohemian princess Zedena; he was originally destined for the clergy, which meant he has obtained higher education including Latin. At the age of seventeen he was called upon to govern in place of his father during the latter's absence in the Netherlands, a task that he approached with a sense of high duty, and diligence, and a feeling for order, right, and thrift. His government was exemplary, and his family life a happy one. After his father's death in 1501, he became Duke of Saxony. When Luther initially posted his attack on indulgences in 1517, George did not immediately oppose him. He was very much aware of the need for reform and spoke out against abuses in the monasteries and those surrounding the granting of indulgences. "What Luther writes is not altogether untrue nor uncalled for. In fact these matters need speaking out about and holding up to the light. If no one mentioned the evils in the Church, the very stones would cry out in the end"( Simon 223). In his pursuit of the truth he sponsored the Leipzieg debates in 1519, between John Eck, a leading German theologian, and Luther. He was shocked however, when Luther seemed to advance the views of John Hus, and from then on he was a strong opponent of the Lutheran heresy. As Luther became a defined heretic and split with Rome, George turned against the reformers. One of the Church's strongest supporters in Germany, he did all he could to prevent the spread of Lutheranism into his territories. Even so, he did not lose sight of the fact that there was a great need for reform within the Church. When the German princes of the Empire presented the Emperor with a list of grievances at the Imperial Diet of Worms in 1521, George included twelve additional complaints of his own against the indulgences and annates. His opposition to Luther steadily increa...

Bose stadium sound system Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Bose stadium sound system - Essay Example Bose stadium sound systems are designed to strengthen audio sounds with a centre field focus. The highest amount of sound is transmitted to the spectators seated at the farthest end of the stadium, there is less need for external source of sound since Bose systems can easily relay waves to the different corners of the stadium. An analysis of Bose systems requires that a measurable and quantifiable quality and details of the venue be first entered into the Bose modeler software. Therefore it is important to first of all find the model that best suits the type of stadium before installing it (BOSE UNITED STATES). Sound is the key aspect in a stadium that makes a game interesting, spectators want to hear what the commentator is saying to better experience the game, when the people cannot hear from the speakers they become frustrated and no longer enjoy the game. This is where Bose sound systems come in since it amplifies sound to the farthest corner, music and comments can be heard quickly enhancing the reaction of the

Manifest Destiny Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3750 words

Manifest Destiny - Research Paper Example Native American tribes in the Southern colonies felt continued pressure from white expansionism, as whites continued to flood South Carolina, Alabama, Georgia, and Mississippi in order to expand their highly lucrative commercial agriculture. With the founding of the United States in 1776, whites in North America began to develop a new sense of self and constructed a new identity that placed increasing emphasis on the superiority of whites over Native Americans. This developing sense of identity eventually coalesced in the ideology of Manifest Destiny, the belief that Americans had a divine directive and natural right to possess all land from the Atlantic Ocean to the Pacific. In 1839, John L. Sullivan argued that America was to be the new temple of God on Earth, a Tabernacle with the soil for its floor and the skies themselves as its ceiling. American politicians and intellectuals used the language of Christianity and divine Providence to justify any actions that had to be taken in t he name of American expansion throughout North America (Sullivan, 1968, p.19). Thomas Paine, one of America's Founding right to aggressive nationalism was becoming inevitable. ... right to aggressive nationalism was becoming inevitable. Billington and Ridge (1982), indicated that "the true story of the occupation of North America is the story of a conquest, not of an uncontested march westward of Anglo-American frontiersmen" (p.18). This paper aims to analyze the historical phenomenon of Manifest Destiny, transformation of its ideology, its justifications and significance. MANIFEST IDENTITY AND PROVIDENCE As the Americans began to extend their territorial holdings in North America, Americans began to search for a rhetoric of justification for the expansion. The American justification for expansion included: the special mission of Providence, faux scientific laws of race and national development, national right, social duty, national defense and the extension of freedom (Weinberg, 1935, p.2). Among these, the special mission of Providence, and a belief the God was leading the United States to claim more and more land played a particularly important role in the development of expansionist ideology. National mission means that a Higher Power has created a special "destiny higher than [the nation's] own security and well-being", and as such, mere economic or security issues cannot provide the only justification for claiming land on the continent (Rossiter, 1971, p.44). Not only were the Americans fulfilling a special mission from God, the Americans also believed they were worshiping God t hrough their expansion. John L. Sullivan (1968) wrote in 1839, "The boundless future will be the era of American greatness. In its magnificent domain of space and time, the nation of many nations is destined to manifest to mankind the excellence of divine principles; to establish on earth the noblest temple ever