Art of Loving Response

In Response to The Art of Loving In The Art of Loving, Erich Fromm asks the question â€Å"is love an art? † In an effort to answer this question, he identifies, discusses, and analyzes the different objects of love. Fromm states that loving as an art means that one must love all objects, rather than only loving the â€Å"right† one (43). For this reason, the objects that he analyzes include brotherly love, motherly love, erotic love, self-love, and the love of God. When analyzing each object to explain his statement, Fromm tends to use broad generalizations about society, which do not cover all circumstances.In this essay, I will identify and address the areas where Fromm makes sweeping, inappropriate generalizations about society, as well as acknowledge his accurately fitting descriptions. The first object of love that Fromm identifies is brotherly love, defined as the love for all people as equals. Fromm feels that this is the most fundamental type of love because of its â€Å"lack of exclusiveness†. Fromm defines a brother to be equivalent to the neighbor mentioned in The Golden Rule from the Bible, which states, â€Å"love thy neighbor as thy self (44). Not all of society grew up learning The Golden Rule; therefore, this sweeping statement does not explain all relationships within society. Instead, Fromm should have said that brotherly love is based on one who respects and understands his neighbor and friend as an equal. This explanation could apply to many more relationships within society. Even though I was raised a Catholic, not all love relationships relate to those from the Bible. Any non-believers may also agree. This refutes Fromm’s statement that the brotherly love found within the Bible is fundamental for all relationships.Fromm defines motherly love as absolute and unconditional. He considers this love to be â€Å"the highest kind of love, and the most sacred of all emotional bonds† (Fromm 47). A mother loves t he growing child and wishes for his separation from her. She guides him and facilitates this separation so the child may flourish and grow on his own in the world (Fromm 48). Fromm goes further and relates the nurturing ability of a mother to God’s nurturing of man in the Biblical creation story (Fromm 46).Once again, not all of society grew up with a Biblical, Christian background. Those who are not familiar with the creation story or do not believe that God created the world fail to understand the correlation. Even though this is just one example, Fromm fails to sympathize with those people who come from a non-Christian background. The third type of love that Fromm very clearly and accurately discusses is erotic love. Erotic love is the â€Å"craving for complete fusion† with another person.This illusive type of love becomes easily confused with the act of â€Å"falling† in love, except it includes an act of will and physical attraction (Fromm 49). Frommâ€⠄¢s description accurately addresses the ideas that erotic love can be easily dissolved since it is based solely on attraction. I agree that true love includes more than pure physical attraction; it involves a decision, a judgment, and a promise as well as an attraction. I really appreciate Fromm’s statement that love is not just a feeling. Feelings can come and go and there is no way to promise a feeling for forever.This hints to the reason for a decision and a judgment along with the promise in marriage. This is true and evident in our society because marriages normally do not last unless there is another attraction between those in the couple besides a physical one. The next topic the Fromm discusses is self-love, which provides the idea that one must love themselves before one can love others. As Fromm states it: The affirmation of one’s own life, happiness, growth, freedom is rooted in one’s capacity to love, i. e. , in care, respect, responsibility, and kn owledge.If an individual is able to love productively, he loves himself too; if he can love only others, he cannot love at all. (55-56) He makes a point to mention that self-love and selfishness are counterparts, in that self-love creates happiness and selfishness only leads to frustration. Fromm notes that selfishness originates from the hatred of oneself and, in return, that person wants everything in the world (56). I agree with Fromm’s description that self-love is the first step in loving others, however, I disagree that selfishness is the complete opposite of self-love.Selfishness, rather, is the result of loving oneself too much to the extent that one thinks they deserve everything in the world; everything is to their disposal and no one else’s. Fromm fails to address this extreme, yet he does a justifiably sufficient job at explaining the importance of self-love. Self-love sets the basis for all relationships because it is difficult to love another person witho ut loving oneself first. The last object of love that Fromm discusses for the longest extent is the love of God.He states that there is no way of â€Å"loving† God, but rather believing in a â€Å"unity† with Him. God is a symbol of justice, love, and truth instead of an actual being (Fromm 72). Therefore, those who love God have faith in an ultimate unity (Fromm 73). Having grown up in a Catholic school, I agree with Erich Fromm’s analysis. God is not a being and the only way to discuss the reality of such a symbol is to discuss what He is not. God is not a father. God is not a mother. He loves similarly to both, but He isn’t a physical mother or father.Also, because He is not a being it is difficult to say that one can â€Å"love† Him. Therefore, believing in God is the same as loving God; however, there are different maturity levels to which one â€Å"loves† God. As one grows older and learns more about God, one may become closer to Him. This â€Å"growing closer† and â€Å"maturity† correlates to the strength of one’s belief and trust in Him. I can relate to this section since I am a raised Catholic, however, an atheist or non-Christian may not understand why this section is necessary for Fromm to discuss in order to answer his original question.Atheists, for example, do not have a being or god to love or believe in. In The Art of Loving, Erich Fromm raises the question, â€Å"is love an art? † To answer his question, Fromm identifies and analyzes the objects of love from erotic love to the love of God. In this response, I identified the areas where Fromm includes broad generalizations about society and acknowledged his appropriate analyses about love. Works Cited: Fromm, Erich. The Art of Loving. New York: Harper & Row, 1974. Print.

Mckinsey & Co. Managing Knowledge and Learning

Michelle Abbott Professor Jon Down December 10, 2002 Written Case Analysis McKinsey & Company: Managing Knowledge and Learning Evaluating Gupta’s Four Pronged Plan Rajat Gupta has recently inherited a fast-growing consulting firm with a strong knowledge base and a competitive market position.In order to ensure the future success of McKinsey & Company, however, Gupta faces a number of challenges: he must provide outstanding services to an increasingly sophisticated clientele, offer his employees ongoing education and upwardly mobile career paths, continually enhance McKinsey’s reputation as a leader in the consulting field, and, perhaps most significantly, continue to leverage his company’s knowledge base across divisions while still maintaining the unity and cohesive corporate culture that have always been important to McKinsey.Gupta seems determined to pursue knowledge as the company’s key business driver. Accordingly, his four-pronged plan includes an em phasis on practice development and organizational learning, an annual program called the Practice Olympics, six special initiatives focused on emerging issues, and the expansion of McKinsey’s research institute. But can Gupta successfully tend to all of these initiatives at once without fragmenting the company? And are there critical business areas that he overlooks with this approach? Source: The St. Martin's Handbook, 5th edition, by Andrea A. Lunsford (Bedford/St.Martin's, 2003) 1 Information Sharing & Corporate Unity vs. Cost-Effectiveness Despite its rapid growth, McKinsey & Company is attempting to maintain its â€Å"One Firm† policy in which responsibilities and profits are shared throughout the company rather than solely within offices. Though the company is divided into clientele sectors, centers of competence, and generalists and specialists, the philosophy of unity ensures that knowledge resources are continually distributed across these sectors. Considerabl e effort has been invested in an information infrastucture intended to optimize this sharing of resources.Gupta’s four-pronged plan is designed to further emphasize knowledge sharing in a variety of forums. Gupta should not pursue knowledge sharing without a thorough evaluation of its costs and benefits, however, as well as careful discussion about how knowledge sharing can be implemented most efficiently. While information sharing in an industry such as consulting is of utmost importance, it is an expensive practice. Each time information is documented and shared throughout the company – through whatever medium – costs are incurred, both in labor hours and material resources.There must be a comparable, tangible benefit to sharing information: namely, the knowledge must be usable to the recipient. If the knowledge is not useable to the recipient, sharing it is probably not costeffective. Additionally, Gupta might also reexamine McKinsey’s commitment to un ity in terms of cost-effectiveness. Is it efficient, in other words, to insist on continually sharing knowledge and information resources throughout the firm, or would it be wiser to simply allow some of the fragmentation that is occurring naturally as the company grows and diversifies?As the centers of competence and clientele sectors develop, perhaps some Source: The St. Martin's Handbook, 5th edition, by Andrea A. Lunsford (Bedford/St. Martin's, 2003) 2 would be more efficiently run as autonomous sub-units or even spin-off companies. With good strategy, these sub-units and spin-off companies might even still be able to optimize the parent company’s resources, including McKinsey’s impressive reputation and clientele base. Customer and Other Stakeholder Focus Gupta’s four-pronged plan may also be overlooking customer and market focus.Though benefit to the customer is implicit in his plan for the advancement and sharing of McKinsey’s information resources (i. e. , better knowledge ultimately benefits the client), the customer is not explicitly addressed in the agenda. Gupta’s plan might benefit from a more comprehensive evaluation of customer needs. For example, some clients might value not only cutting-edge information, but affordable rates, information that is sustainable in the long-term, and friendly, helpful, available onsultants who place a premium on customer satisfaction. Indeed, a business that fails, at any stage of strategic planning, to carefully consider customer needs is bound to lose customers in the long run. Similarly, the needs of other stakeholders deserve consideration and inclusion in Gupta’s plan. Those with equity in the company will want to see that Gupta’s emphasis on information sharing enhances the firm’s bottom line. Company employees will want to see that Gupta’s plan opens opportunities for continuing education and career promotion.Indeed, a clear career development an d succession plan will give employees additional incentive to participate in Gupta’s initiatives, such as the Practice Olympics in which employees present innovative ideas that have brought them success to a panel of senior executives. Source: The St. Martin's Handbook, 5th edition, by Andrea A. Lunsford (Bedford/St. Martin's, 2003) 3 Gupta’s Challenge Gupta’s commitment to a corporate atmosphere that values organizational learning is likely to keep McKinsey & Company at the forefront of the consulting industry.In order to guarantee that his four-pronged plan brings success to his company, however, McKinsey must be sure that information sharing is always accompanied by tangible benefits. Where information sharing fails to be useful and therefore costeffective, it should not be required – otherwise, Gupta risks jeopardizing his firm’s positive attitude toward organizational learning. This may necessitate some strategic separation of departments, a d eparture from McKinsey’s â€Å"One Firm† policy.Furthermore, Gupta must ensure that knowledge sharing within the company takes place through a variety of mediums, including traditional face-to-face interactions such as the Practice Olympics and the practice development. Technology should also be used toward this end – group support software systems, for instance, may provide a cost-effective and efficient way to share information across departments. Finally, Gupta should be sure that his approach to moving the organization forward includes a comprehensive evaluation of all the stakeholders’ interests in the firm.Cutting-edge knowledge should not be pursued at all costs. Rather, it should be pursued to the degree that it contributes a net benefit to the company, the company’s employees, and the company’s customers. A greater emphasis on the customer as well as careful analysis of all stakeholders’ interests will be necessary in order f or McKinsey & Company to continue to attract high-potential employees and a profitable clientele. Source: The St. Martin's Handbook, 5th edition, by Andrea A. Lunsford (Bedford/St. Martin's, 2003) 4

English as an Official Language for the US Essay

â€Å"Do we really need another bureaucracy controlling how and what we speak?† (â€Å"English Should Not Be the Official Language of the United States.† n.d.) I think when the government makes English as an official language, people could have a chance to choose what language they want use in their homes. It was surprising to me when I found out that the U.S.A does not have an official language. Although English is many people’s native language, it also often used for business. For me, I think the U.S.A should declare English as an official language for many reasons. When I asked some Americans about their opinion, they said U.S.A is a country of freedom, which means there can be no laws that do anything to take the freedom from American citizens, accordingly they are against making English an official language. I think if the country makes English as an official language, it would not affect the freedom because people can speak another language at home, they just will use English as an official language. English is the global language is one of the reasons to make English as an official language of U.S.A. Around the world people usually learn English in their school. For example, in my country, which is Saudi Arabia, we study English from the fourth year of school until graduation. By making English the official language citizens could still keep their freedom while government declare English as an official language. English is already lingua franca of the United States. Lingua franca means a popular language that is used throughout the country. Many people in U.S.A use English as a first language. Another example, pilots have to learn English to use it when they fly. Another example is in Saudi Arabia, which is my country, the doctors have to learn English and that’s weird how the doctors in other countries, which have Arabic as an official language, must learn English. Being the lingua franca is one of the reasons, which I think it would make sense for the US government to declare English as an official language. The government could save money if they declared English as an official language. â€Å"The report finds that the federal government has spent US$4.5 billion on outsourced language services since 1990.† (â€Å"Common Sense Advisory Home.† 1/10/2011.) Depend to this fact the U.S. could have saved $4.5 billion in translation services from 1990 until 2009 if it had declared English as the official language. This includes translation for 911, hospitals, and other services. Also, the economy could benefit if the United States declare English as an official language because most tourists use English as a second language. The government saves money, is just one more reason to argue for English as an official language in the United States. The US would gain international respect as one of the reasons to argue for declaring English as an official language of the U.S.A. When the international community knows the official language in U.S.A is English they would try to learn English before they come. When the visitors learn English before they come, it would help citizens to be able better understand the visitors. Gaining international respect is one of my reasons to support English as an official language in the United States. In conclusion, the U.S should declare English as an official language because Americans can still keep freedoms while promoting national identity. English is already lingua franca. It would benefit the economy and the U.S would gain international respect. For these reasons the U.S should declare English as an official language.

South West Airlines Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 7500 words

South West Airlines - Case Study Example The aim of this report is to analyze the operations and practices of Southwest Airlines. In the first section of the report, the SWOT analysis has been done to highlight the major strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats faced by Southwest Airlines. After identifying the critical factors, in the second section, the conclusion about the overall situation has been presented. In the same section, the suggestions for improving the company’s strategies have been presented, after analyzing the current strategies of the company through theoretical concepts including Porter’s Five Forces Model and Ansoff Model. In the following section, Human Resource practices of Southwest Airlines have been discussed with a special focus towards the policies which have been created for the benefits of employees. After that an analysis has been done to identify the impact of the practices on the business strategy of Southwest Airlines. Since, Southwest Airlines is recognized for its customer services and culture therefore, in this section, I will also analyze how staff and management of the company are becoming as a prime source of competitive advantage for the company. The Southwest Airline is one of the successful low cost carriers in the United States and most of low cost carriers of the world have adopted the strategies of the company. In order to evaluate the effectiveness of Southwest Airline business model, another successful low cost airline company will be selected. In this section, the similarities and dissimilarities between the United States and Australian aviation industries will be done. Finally, the similarities and dissimilarities between the business models of the two airline companies will be also conducted. Southwest Airline is operating in a highly uncertain industry where the demand of the tickets fluctuates very randomly. In the following section, the SWOT analysis has been done to identify the major strengths and

Treatment of Accounting Issues Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Treatment of Accounting Issues - Case Study Example It is strongly advised to you to take a closer look at every issue along with its relevant treatment and feel free to consult me, had you require any further assistance. Marketing and Advertising Expenses According to the International Financial Reporting Standards, the marketing and advertising expenses should be charged to Income Statements the year which these marketing and advertising expenses incur. In the light of above criteria, the policy adopted by Mr. Julian to expense out 50% of the marketing and advertising expenditures in the profit and loss account while capitalizing the rest of 50% of the expense in the balance sheet and amortizing over the period of 5 years, seems as a deviation from the IFRS. Since, Mr. Julian is mainly interested in presenting the financial statements more profitable, that is why Mr. Julian has adopted this strategy. In this way, he could have avoided the 50% expenditures incurred the current year which would eventually have increased the profits su bstantially. Therefore, Mr. Rafael should disregard this policy of Mr. Julian and should instruct him to rectify the financial statements and charge out the capitalized amount of marketing and advertising expenses for the current year. Slow Moving Inventory The older policy of writing off the slow moving inventory was a bit conservative approach.

Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder College Research Paper

Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder College - Research Paper Example This methodology is adopted to conduct the study and to collect relevant data from the field work. Both the literature sources and the personal sources mostly out of the literature that is existing is made use of in the field report presented below. ADHD has been found to afflict approximately 5 per cent of the population in most of the countries and is positioned at about 1.7% in UK (Helen Likierman & Valerie Muter 2007). This is largely neurological in nature and is considered as a development disorder. ADHD is lack of growth almost amounting to a deficiency of 40% when compared to their peers. ADHD is a compound term indicating that there is a neurological deficit in paying attention to details as well as there is a hyperactivity disorder. Either or both of them might be present for a person. There is no age limit observed for these illnesses. Study of ADHD starts with simple symptoms that is indicative of the disease the person is experiencing. The Diagnostics and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (1994), commonly known as DSM IV, has a definition for ADHD as follows: "A persistent pattern of inattention and/or hyperactivity - impulsivity that is more frequent and severe than is typically observed in individuals at a comparable level of development. Some hyperactive-impulsive or inattentive symptoms that cause impairment must have been present before age 7 years, although many individuals are diagnosed after the symptoms have been present for a number of years. Some impairment from the symptoms must be present in at least two settings and there must be clear evidence of interference with developmentally appropriate social, academic, or occupational functioning." (p.78) If a person is afflicted by attention deficit, then the symptoms would be as indicated below (Eli Lilly 2006): 1. Attention deficit disorder (ADD) could occur alone or with the hyperactivity disorder. People who are afflicted by ADD display a lack of attentiveness to what is being told to them often. When some one is talking to them, they are found not paying attention to the topic of the discussion. Attention test is normally carried out with the help of the Connor's Continuous Performance Test (CPT). This is carried out on people to identify the extent of attention that is being paid by the individuals (Walker et al. 2000). Continuous Performance Test is also used to measure executive function, psychomotor analysis and arithmetic skills in addition to the attention measures that is commonly done using this test. People who are having ADD generally display a lower attention level as well as most of the other measured parameters. Paying attention is one of the foremost issues faced by the people with ADHD. This results in changed behavioural tendencies of the child. 2. They might find it difficult to pay attention on play things and tasks that they are on. Some of the most commonly found problems

News Paper Summary Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 8

News Paper Summary - Essay Example Most of these investors have placed bets that are not essentially feasible. Argentina has defaulted on its $29 billion debt triggering a stock-market panic and finger pointing between the government and creditors. But investors are optimistic about a resolution to the crisis. Their source of the optimism is the efforts by Argentinean and U.S banks. The Argentinas bonds due in 2033 fell from 96 cents to about 90 cents on Thursday. Little Argentine debt was transacted on Thursday; many investors prefer to watch what happens next. Analysts and investors view a deal between creditors and banks as the best optimism to solve the crisis. Large asset managers have won a battle against tight financial regulations after months of lobbying. The financial regulators decided to overhaul their evaluation of asset-management firms to concentrate on conceivably risky products and activities instead of individual firms. The shift in evaluation lessens the possibility individual asset managers will be labeled "systemically important." The council made the move after concluding that a focus on industrywide activities would be better in managing potential risks coupled with the asset-management industry. The FSOCs new strategy could hand more responsibility to the Securities and Exchange Commission in regulating specific risky activities. Global markets started the year braced for cuts in the bond purchases for the Federal Reserve. The markets were right, but the impact of the cuts on the benchmark treasury yields dropped instead of rising. However, economists and strategists are convinced that the rise in bond yields will be faster and more disruptive than the current market anticipation. Markets were braced for rising yields at the beginning of the year, but that may not happen today, a fact that could worsen a bond-market rout. On Thursday, investors avoided risky corporate debt, heightening fears of an end to junk bonds. The U.S. junk-bond finances recorded their third

Marketing and Marketing Communications Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Marketing and Marketing Communications - Essay Example Raising visibility requires the same press release appearing in all credible newspapers, the same commercial over all television channels, the same radio jingle over all radio channels, similar hoardings in all important shopping malls etc. Credibility calls for faultless service to the customer. It requires adherence to quality and reliability. Recently Honda Motor Company, Japan's second largest auto maker, recalled 298,231 cars in Japan to repair a fault in the fuel pump relay that could have stopped the engine. In the recent past Microsoft launched its Windows Vista operating software amidst much fanfare and media glare, which raised the level of visibility for the product. Part-II (Three questions to be answered out of six) Ans-2: Internal and External factors influencing Pricing decisions Pricing is a very crucial aspect for managing the business. While carrying out the pricing decisions, a company has to take a comprehensive look at all its internal factors as well as the prevailing market scenario, economic policies and legal framework for the market and the product. Most of the companies begin pricing deliberations based on their own internal cost structures. Internal factors affecting the pricing decisions are basically the profit and cost factors. How the company arrives at the total cost of the product and how much profit is expected from the product makes. In general costs are divided in two components fixed costs and variables costs. Costs of labor, material, energy, supervision, R&D contribution, marketing, administrative, transportation, taxes, channel costs, factory overhead etc. are some of the internal cost components which form part of the pricing decision. On the other hand external factors affecting...While carrying out the pricing decisions, a company has to take a comprehensive look at all its internal factors as well as the prevailing market scenario, economic policies and legal framework for the market and the product. Most of the companies begin pricing deliberations based on their own internal cost structures. Internal factors affecting the pricing decisions are basically the profit and cost factors. How the company arrives at the total cost of the product and how much profit is expected from the product makes. In general costs are divided in two components fixed costs and variables costs. Costs of labor, material, energy, supervision, R&D contribution, marketing, administrative, transportation, taxes, channel costs, factory overhead etc. are some of the internal cost components which form part of the pricing decision. On the other hand external factors affecting pricing decisions include the existing pricing strategy resorted to by the competitors/ alternative products, market profile, customer's buying power, geographical conditions, economic policies prevailing in the country/ market, legal provisions for carrying out business in the market, acceptability of the product in the market, number of competitors and their profit margins etc. Tender Pricing: This type of pricing is based on actual costs of different sub tasks in producing the product.

Alcohol-related Motor Vehicle Trafic Crashed Essay

Alcohol-related Motor Vehicle Trafic Crashed - Essay Example It has been decreasing owing to the efforts by patrol police who have worked hard to bring sanity. From 2009, the police have seen the number of death toll from university students. This made the Florida Highway Patrol to provide the names of all the students that have lost their lives in such bizarre incidents. Sixty percent of these deaths were caused by drunk driving (cited in SAMHSA 45). However, the police and hospitals have noted with concern the influence of other substances that the students use alongside alcohol. Students consume alcohol alongside marijuana thus putting them to extreme risks. SAMHSA (substance abuse and mental health services administration in their report, gives the names of students who have lost their lives in the since 2009. A good number comes from the University of Florida that is situated in the Miami De County (cited in SAMHSA 47). These statistics can be compared to the recent trends as from the year 2012. In the year 2013, a 30-year-old was sent to hospital (cited in SAMHSA 45). Officers found out that he was driving while drunk. In the year 2010, approximately 2,220 people were convicted of drunk driving. They were irresponsible enough, putting their lives and that of passengers at risk. According to high department, they recorded close to 228, 000-accident cases in the year 2011. Of these accidents, 108,000 were alcohol induced. Fatal accidents were 850 with 900 casualties. Statistics also show that many students have fallen victims of drunk driving. Most of them are from the Universities and the University of Florida is mostly affected. These students live the high life, go to parties, get drunk and choose to drive themselves. It is so painful to see the large list at the high department, which states that all of these students... This essay approves that the nurses must develop empathy before embarking on helping the victims. It helps them develop passion to help the victims. A nurse must have a positive attitude towards helping accident victims. In most cases, reckless drivers are receiving limited attention from the nurses. Nurses should also receive training from the top management to enable them develop a positive attitude towards their work. Care must also be taken to control the overacting personnel like the ones who develop compassion fatigue. This report makes a conclusion that the Miami De County is facing road accident nightmares. The county is recording a worrying trend in the alcohol-related road crashes. This is attributed to the drinking habit of the county. Statistics show that the county did record high accident numbers between the years 2010 and 2012. Recently the numbers have been increasing with alcohol contributing to almost a third of the accidents. The traffic police have worked endlessly to salvage the situation to no avail. There is a new group of drinkers: the teenagers in university. These groups lead affluent lives occasioned with drinking. The resulted is many road accidents and death tolls. The only professionals that can handle this situation are nurses. This paper recommends that nurses can use their influence on the patients they attend to reduce these road accidents. They have a variety of intervention stages, from the education sector to the alcohol advertising companies. Throughout this paper, i t is notable that nurses have less intervention with regard accidents. This paper also should bring awareness to the nurses and encourage their participation in reducing alcohol-related road crashes.

Advantages and Disadvantages of the Experimental Design Essay Example for Free

Advantages and Disadvantages of the Experimental Design Essay Advantages and Disadvantages of the Experimental Design Advantages: * As well as controlling the independent variable the experimenter attempts to eliminate unwanted extraneous variables. * Control over extraneous variables is usually greater than in other research methods. * Experimental design involves manipulating the independent variable to observe the effect on the dependent variable. This makes it possible to determine a cause and effect relationship. Because of strict conditions and control the experimenter can set up the experiment again and repeat or ‘check’ their results. Replication is very important as when similar results are obtained this gives greater confidence in the results. Disadvantages: * Elimination of extraneous variables is not always possible. * Experimental situation may not relate to the real world. * It may be unethical or impossible to randomly assign people to groups. Eg. : Unethical to deliberately deprive children of sleep. * Impossible (expensive) to observe ‘jetlag’ by sending people on world trips. * Unethical to experiment on forms of punishment on children by subjecting them to punishment. * Advantages and Diadvantages of the Quantitative Observational Design. Advantages: * Quantitative observational designs allow variables to be investigated that would be unethical, impossible or too costly under an experimental design. Some kinds of behaviour can only be observed in a naturalistic setting. Disadvantages: * Cannot infer such a strong cause and effect relationship because there is or greater chance of other variables affecting the results. This is due to the lack of random assignment to groups. * Cannot replicate the findings as the same situation will not occur naturally again. * Quantitative Observational does not allow generalisation of findings to the general population. * Observer bias may influence the results.

Impact of Gunpowder

Impact of Gunpowder A Technology That Marked Major Progress Milestones in History GUNPOWDER INTTRODUCTION Technology is a group of learning committed to making instruments, handling activities and extricating of materials. Everyone have their own way of understanding the meaning of technology or in another word innovation. People use innovation to develop their capacities, and that makes humans as the most vital piece of any mechanical framework. Innovation can allude to techniques running from as basic as dialect and stone devices to the complex hereditary building and data innovation that has risen since the 1980s. These advances invigorated social orders to embrace better approaches for living and administration, and in addition better approaches for understanding their reality. One of that innovation completely changed the world was gunpowder. Gunpowder, also known as black powder, is the earliest known chemical explosive which was invented in china by a Chinese alchemist mistakenly. It is a blend of sulphur, charcoal, and potassium nitrate (saltpetre). The carbon from the charcoal in addition to oxygen shapes carbon dioxide and vitality. The response would be moderate, similar to a wood fire, with the exception of the oxidizing operator. Carbon in a fire must draw oxygen from the air. Saltpetre gives additional oxygen. Potassium nitrate, sulphur, and carbon respond together to shape nitrogen and carbon dioxide gasses and potassium sulphide. The expanding gases, nitrogen and carbon dioxide, gives the propelling action. Gunpowder tends to create a considerable measure of smoke, which can hinder vision on a front line or lessen the visibility of firecrackers. Changing the proportion of the component influences the rate at which the explosive consumes and the measure of smoke that is delivered. (ThoughtCo, 2017) As per legend, during the Tang dynasty (9th century) this Chinese chemist was searching for a formula to make the remedy of life, or the mythical potion for immortality. Despite the fact that it was an accident, when they found the powder was exceptionally combustible, or consumed effectively, they chose to call it fire pharmaceutical. Not long after the disclosure, the Chinese weaponized the substance, or made weapons out of it, and during the time they would make numerous weapons utilizing gunpowder, including rockets, bombs, flamethrowers, and land mines before making guns and firearms. The most established weapon that utilizations explosive goes back to a bronze handheld gun made in north-eastern China in 1288. (Nathans Design Dissertation, 2017) Even though the earliest record of written formula for gun powder appeared in Song dynasty (11th century) this is listed as one of the four great invention in Chinese history. In any case, once the Chinese made sense of that it had dangerous capacities, they squandered no time in fusing it into their military. The Chinese could make a jump in military innovation and went from the standard sword and bows and arrows to a military with mines and flamethrowers. With the disclosure of gunpowder came the innovation of the fire arrow, an arrow with gunpowder on its tip, in the year 989. Roughly 11 years after the fire arrow, in 1000, the Chinese designed the flame thrower. The utilization of weapons be that as it may, did not rise in China until the mid-fourteenth Century. The military development that happened inside China in view of the black powder permitted China to have a more grounded and more propelled military, prompting a general more secure nation. (AP World History 2012-2013, 201 7) After the Mongols attacked China in the mid-13th Century, they proceeded with their conquests into India. In 1221, when the Mongols attacked India, they carried with them the information of gunpowder from China. By the 18th century, the Indians were able to make Mysorean rockets; the main iron cast rockets to be utilized by any military on the planet. But the secret of the gunpowder didnt stop spreading to the Middle East. From India, the gunpowder spread to the Middle East in the vicinity of 1240 and 1280. The last place to reach gunpowder was Eastern Europe. Like in India and the Middle East, it was brought into the area in view of the Mongol attacks. In any case, a portion of the learning of gunpowder was likewise transmitted to Europe through the Silk Road. At the point when the Europeans exchanged with the Middle East, the learning of gunpowder was carried into Europe alongside the exchange of merchandise. After getting the knowledge of gunpowder European chemists was interested in searching other alternative methods to improve the qualities of chemical contains. As a result of that European chemists made corned explosive. Corned black powder contained an indistinguishable chemicals from typical explosive however the refining procedure included blending the explosive into a wet substance and after that drying the blend. A German monk, Berthold Schwarz, is credited with developing the principal European gun in 1353. Guns which had been originated in China or the Middle East were enh anced by Europeans. Propelled European metal work strategies permitted European metalsmiths to make more long lasting and sturdy rifles; they likewise figured out how to compute the measure of drive of the gas in the load of the weapon. This learning help make weapons that shot more noteworthy separations. Europeans were all the while enhancing black powder a century after the Chinese had imagined the primary weapon. The European progressions of black powder would achieve China by a Portuguese ship in 1520. The Portuguese presented the gun, enhanced rifles and other European headways to the Chinese. Many years after the development of black powder the Europeans had given back the substance to its starting point and explosives voyage through Asia had turned up at ground zero. The Movement of Gunpowder from the East toward the West (AP World History 2012-2013, 2017) If someone asks what were the precursor circumstances that acted as the motivation for the technology the answer is the overwhelming need of power. The advancement of gunpowder was vital in fighting first for its mental impacts, as the Chinese utilized flying fire (explosive arrow) against their Mongol foes. At the point when the innovation relocated toward the West, notwithstanding, its genuine esteem was in its capacity to control fatal attack weapons and in the end put precise capability in the hands of common troopers. Prior to the innovation of the gun, attack weapons were huge, unwieldy and hard to build. Gunpowder as a fuel expanded the force accessible for anticipating rockets toward adversary emplacements, both expanding the harm these weapons could bring about and expanding their exactness also. Whats more, designers called sappers could burrow under adversary fortresses and pack their passages with gunpowder, bringing out stronghold dividers with unstable power. The scalin g down of gun into guns gave a comparative damaging capacity to normal fighters on the ground, permitting them a considerably more noteworthy successful range than they had with their past bows and crossbows. Guns likewise required less preparing than longbows, and the fast shots could even puncture the plate protective layer worn by knights of the time. At last, gunpowder required an entire revaluation of the specialty of fighting, and nations that were ease back to embrace the new innovation paid the cost on the combat zone. Other than military gunpowder were used in civil engineering and mining in early 15th century. The records of using gunpowder in mins come from Hungry in 1627. After that the technology was introduced to Britain by Germans in 1638. Other than mining gunpowder were used in the construction in canals and tunnels. The first gunpowder is not utilized today with the exception of in firecrackers and sparklers or as a boosting fuel for rocket launching. Like how it was for the most part utilized hundreds of years prior. It has been supplanted by a prevalent synthetic compound and utilized for the most part in slugs. A great deal more propelled mixes are utilized for explosives. One could state that the first gunpowder was the beginning stage for these current mixes. The most recent uses of gunpowder was Afghanistan war in 2001 which killed over 2000 and 22000 wounded, Korean war 1950-1953 which killed over 1800000 and 220000 wounded and world war 2 (1939-1945). Explosive has influenced todays general public by taking a great many lives and damaging a huge number of others. Gunpowder has additionally destroyed the lives of numerous families and companions of the casualties of contention. If this innovation didnt exist then there was a chance of preventing the wars and saving number of lives that co uldnt even count. On the opposite side of the gunpowder has likewise been utilized to make firecrackers which have conveyed extraordinary happiness to the world. If this technology has taken away the invention that found based on gunpowder wouldnt be able to reach to the mankind or use it for the present manufacturing processes. In spite of the fact that gunpowder and its present day subsidiaries do in any case have some significant uses today, all ammunition utilized as a part of firearms all through the world is stacked with smokeless powder. Even though the gunpowder was the main known explosive compound until the mid-19th century, present day there are other alternative ways that are in use and still in process. As an example the American navy has been already tested 30-kilowatt LaWS system at sea aboard the amphibious transport and hoping to deploy varieties of the laser weapon framework in the armada by 2020. (Nationaldefensemagazine.org, 2017) Other than laser weapon the alternative weapon system that still in progress is portable versions of rail guns. Besides the rail guns there might be a chance of producing projectile weapons which are electromagnetically accelerated or energy that transferred electronically to the projectile. (Cooney, 2017) When these technologies are known to the society in the future the gunpowder will be forgotten from the usage and the memory. Even though that happens there is a saying that old is gold. Anyone cant predict what will happen in the future. 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[Online] Available at: https://nathanman.wordpress.com/2010/10/29/chapter-one/ [Accessed 26 Mar. 2017]. Nationaldefensemagazine.org. (2017). Energy Weapons: The Next Gunpowder?. [Online] Available at: http://www.nationaldefensemagazine.org/archive/2013/June/Pages/EnergyWeaponsTheNextGunpowder.aspx [Accessed 25 Mar. 2017]. ThoughtCo. (2017). Learn How Gunpowder Works. [Online] Available at: https://www.thoughtco.com/gunpowder-facts-and-history-607754 [Accessed 26 Mar. 2017].